Por la gracia de Dios
La agencia femenina en la retórica de Katharina Schütz Zell y Martín Lutero
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25188/2447.7443.2025v28.13Palabras clave:
Agencia femenina, Autorización personal, Katharina Schütz Zell, Martín Lutero, Reforma protestanteResumen
El presente artículo emplea un análisis microhistórico de la interacción entre Katharina Schütz Zell y Martín Lutero en la década de 1520, con el fin de examinar la agencia femenina en el contexto de la Reforma protestante. Schütz Zell, una mujer laica devota residente en Estrasburgo, desafió de manera decidida las normas sociales y eclesiásticas vigentes al defender públicamente el matrimonio clerical y justificar su propia unión con el pastor Matthias Zell. Se ha planteado que Schütz Zell utilizó estrategias de legitimación teológica y retórica para fundamentar sus acciones públicas, basando su posición en la gracia divina y en antecedentes bíblicos. Paralelamente, Lutero apoyó su labor con gran entusiasmo, a pesar de que los escritos teóricos de Schütz Zell mantenían la jerarquía de género.
La aparente contradicción entre los principios normativos de la teología y las prácticas pastorales observadas en el siglo XVI pone de relieve las complejidades de la agencia femenina dentro del marco sociocultural de aquella época. Tal como demuestran los resultados de la investigación, Schütz Zell forma parte de una tradición más amplia de mujeres que, entre los siglos XIV y XVI, reivindicaron su derecho a la expresión pública en nombre de la fe cristiana. En síntesis, puede afirmarse que, aunque fue considerada una anomalía por sus contemporáneos, Schütz Zell constituye un canal significativo en la historia de la agencia femenina durante las transformaciones religiosas de Europa.
Referencias
ARFFMAN, Kaarlo. Reformaatio vai restituutio? Historiallinen argumentti reformaattoreiden ja kastajaliikkeen väittelyssä lapsikasteen oikeutuksesta. Helsinque: Suomen kirkkohistoriallinen seura, 1994. (Suomen kirkkohistoriallisen seuran toimituksia – SKHST, 167).
BELL, Theo M.M.A.C. Man Is a Microcosmos: Adam and Eve in Luther's Lectures on Genesis (1535-1545). In: Concordia Theological Quarterly, v. 69, 2005, p. 159-184.
BRECHT, Martin. Martin Luther. Band 2. Ordnung und Abgrenzung der Reformation 1521-1532. v. 2. Stuttgart: Calwer Verlag, 1986. (Martin Luther, 2)
CHANCE, Jane. Speaking in Propria Persona: Authorizing the Subject as a Political Act in Late Medieval Feminine Spirituality. In: DOR, Juliette; JOHNSON, Lesley; WOGAN-BROWNE, Jocelyn (Orgs.). New Trends in Feminine Spirituality: The Holy Women of Liège and Their Impact. Turnhout: Brepols, 1999. p. 269-294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/M.MWTC-EB.3.4741
CLASSEN, Albrecht; SETTLE, Tanya Amber. Women in Martin Luther's Life and Theology. In: German Studies Review, v. 14, n. 2, 1991, p. 231-260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1430561
CORTRIGHT, Charles. Poor Maggot-Sack that I Am: The Human Body in the Theology of Martin Luther. 2011. Tese (Doutorado) – Marquette University, 2011.
DAYBELL, James. Introduction: Rethinking Women and Politics in Early Modern England. In: DAYBELL, James (Ed.). Women and Politics in Early Modern England, 1450-1700. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2004.
DOMRÖSE, Sonja. Frauen der Reformationszeit: Gelehrt, mutig und glaubensfest. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011.
DRESCHER, Karl. Einleitung. In: LUTHER, Martin. D. Martin Luther's Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe.18. Band. Schriften 1525. Weimar: Böhlau, 1908.c
ERLER, Mary C.; KOWALESKI, Maryanne. Introduction. In: ERLER, Mary C.; KOWALESKI, Maryanne (Orgs.). Gendering the Master Narrative: Women and Power in the Middle Ages. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501723957
FERRANTE, Joan M. ‘Licet longinquis regionibus corpore separate.’ Letters as a Link in and to the Middle Ages. Speculum, v. 76, 2001, p. 877-895. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2903613
GRIFFITHS, Fiona J.; HOTCHIN, Julie (Ed.). Partners in Spirit: Women, Men, and Religious Life in Germany, 1100-1500. Turnhout: Brepols, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/M.MWTC-EB.6.09070802050003050400090602
HARRINGTON, Joel F. Reordering Marriage and Society in Reformation Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
HEINONEN, Meri. Brides and Knights of Christ: Gender and Body in Later Medieval German Mysticism. 2007. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade de Turku, 2007.
JANCKE, Gabriele. Prophetin – Pfarrfrau – Publizistin. Die Strassburger ‘Kirchenmutter’ Katharina Zell. In: EVANGELISCHES PREDIGERSEMINAR. Frauen mischen sich ein: Katharina Luther, Katharina Melanchthon, Katharina Zell, Hille Feicken und andere. Wittenberg: Evangelisches Predigerseminar, 1995, p. 55-80.
KARANT-NUNN, Susan C. Reformation Society, Women and the Family. In: PETTEGREE, Andrew (Ed.). The Reformation World. Nova York: Routledge, 2002.
KARANT-NUNN, Susan C. Continuity and Change: Some Effects of the Reformation on the Women of Zwickau. In: Sixteenth Century Journal, v. 13, 1982, p. 17–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2540051
KARANT-NUNN, Susan C.; WIESNER-HANKS, Merry E. Luther on Women: A Sourcebook. Cambridge: University Press, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511810367
KATAJALA-PELTOMAA, Sari; TOIVO, Raisa Maria. Noitavaimo ja neitsytäiti: Naisten arki keskiajalta uudelle ajalle. Jyväskylä: Atena, 2009.
KAUFMANN, Thomas. Pfarrfrau und Publizistin: Das Reformatorische „Amt“ der Katharina Zell. In: Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung, v. 23, n. 2, 1996, p. 169–218.
KVAM, Kristen E. Equality in Eden? Gender Dynamics and Luther's Lectures on the Creation of Adam and Eve. In: Seminary Ridge Review, v. 6, 2004, p. 5-18.
LUTHER, Martin. D. Martin Luther's Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe. Briefwechsel. Weimar, 1930-1985. (Abreviação:WA BR)
LUTHER, Martin. D. Martin Luther's Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe. Weimar, 1883-. (Abreviação: WA)
MATHESON, Peter (Ed. e Trad.). Argula von Grumbach: A Woman's Voice in the Reformation. Edinburgh: Clark, 1995.
MATTOX, Mickey L. Defender of the Most Holy Matriarchs: Martin Luther's Interpretation of the Women of Genesis in the Enarrationes in Genesin, 1535-1545. Leiden: Brill, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004473560
MATTOX, Mickey L. Luther on Eve, Women and the Church. In: Lutheran Quarterly, v. 17, 2003, p. 456-474.
McKEE, Elsie Anne. Katharina Schütz Zell. v. 1: The Life and Thought of a Sixteenth-Century Reformer; v. 2: The Writings: A Critical Edition. Leiden: Brill, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004473607
McKEE, Elsie Anne. Katherina Schütz Zell. In: LINDBERG, Carter (Ed.). The Reformation Theologians: An Introduction to Theology in the Early Modern Period. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002. p. 225-237.
METHUEN, Charlotte. ‘And Your Daughters Shall Prophesy!’ Luther, Reforming Women and the Construction of Authority. In: Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, v. 104, 2013, p. 82-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14315/arg-2013-104-1-82
METHUEN, Charlotte. Preaching the Gospel through Love of Neighbour: The Ministry of Katharina Schütz Zell. In: Journal of Ecclesiastical History, v. 61, 2010, p. 702-728. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022046909991369
MIKKOLA, Sini. In Our Body the Scripture Becomes Fulfilled: Gendered Bodiliness and the Making of the Gender System in Martin Luther's Anthropology (1520-1530). Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade de Helsinque, 2017.
MIKKOLA, Sini. Female as the Other in Martin Luther's Anthropology in the Early 1520s. In: EUSTERSCHULTE, Anne; WÄLZHOLZ, Hannah (Orgs.). Anthropological Reformations: Anthropology in the Era of Reformation. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13109/9783666550584.175
MIKKOLA, Sini. Riutunut lammas ja Saban kuningatar: Naisten toimijuus ja itseoikeutus Katharina Schütz Zellin ja Florentina von Oberweimarin retoriikassa. In: Finnish Journal of Theology, v. 4, 2014, p. 319-333.
OZMENT, Steven. The Reformation in the Cities: The Appeal of Protestantism to Sixteenth-Century Germany and Switzerland. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975.
OZMENT, Steven. When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983.
PARISH, Helen. Clerical Celibacy and Clerical Marriage in the West, c. 1100-1700. Farnham; Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.
PARSONS, Michael. Reformation Marriage: The Husband and Wife Relationship in the Theology of Luther and Calvin. Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 2011. p. 81, 302.
PEAKE, Rose-Marie. The Daughters of Charity and Moral Management in Seventeenth-Century France: Creating Conservative Catholics, Securing Survival. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade de Helsinque, 2015.
PEDERSEN, Else Marie Wiberg. Ein furtrefflicher Munch: Luther and the Living out of Faith. In: BULTMANN, Christoph et al. (Orgs.). Luther und das monastische Erbe. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007, p. 221-241.
PEDERSEN, Else Marie Wiberg. A Man Caught between Bad Anthropology and Good Theology? Martin Luther's View of Women Generally and of Mary Specifically. In: Dialog: A Journal of Theology, v. 49, 2010, p. 190-200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6385.2010.00531.x
PLUMMER, Marjorie. From Priest's Whore to Pastor's Wife: Clerical Marriage and the Process of Reform in the Early German Reformation. Farnham; Burlington: Ashgate, 2012.
POOR, Sara S. Mechthild of Magdeburg and Her Book: Gender and the Making of Textual Authority. Filadélfia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
RÄISÄNEN-SCHRÖDER, Päivi. Between Martyrdom and Everyday Pragmatism: Gender, Family, and wAnabaptism in Early Modern Germany. In: MURAVYEVA, Marianna; TOIVO, Raisa Maria (Orgs.). Gender in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Nova York: Routledge, 2013.
RÄISÄNEN-SCHRÖDER, Päivi. Ketzer im Dorf: Visitationsverfahren, Täuferbekämpfung und lokale Handlungsmuster im frühneuzeitlichen Württemberg. Konstanz: UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24053/9783864962264
ROPER, Lyndal. To His Most Learned and Dearest Friend: Reading Luther's letters. In: German History, v. 28, n. 3, 2010, p. 283-295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghq063
ROPER, Lyndal. Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, Sexuality and Religion in Early Modern Europe. Londres: Routledge, 1997.
ROPER, Lyndal. The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
RUBLACK, Ulinka. Gender in Early Modern German History: An Introduction. In: German History, v. 17, n. 1, jan. 1999, p. 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/026635599676335951
RUBLACK, Ulinka. Meanings of Gender in Early Modern German History. In: RUBLACK, Ulinka (Ed.). Gender in Early Modern German History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
RUBLACK, Ulinka. The Crimes of Women in Early Modern Germany. Oxford; Nova York: Clarendon Press, 1998.
SALMESVUORI, Päivi. Power and Authority: Birgitta of Sweden and Her Revelations. 2009. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade de Helsinque, 2009.
SCOKIR, Joan; WIESNER-HANKS, Merry E. Convents Confront the Reformation: Catholic and Protestant Nuns in Germany. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2010.
SIMONS, Walter. Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200-1565. Filadélfia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812200126
SMITH, Jeannette C. Katharina von Bora through Five Centuries: A Historiography. In: Sixteenth Century Journal, v. 30, 1999, p. 745-774. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2544815
STJERNA, Kirsi. Women and the Reformation. Malden: Blackwell, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444302899
THIBODEAUX, Jennifer D. The Manly Priest: Clerical Celibacy, Masculinity, and Reform in England and Normandy, 1066-1300. Filadélfia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812291940
THOMPSON, John L. Creata ad Imaginem Dei, Licet Secundo Gradu: Woman as the Image of God According to John Calvin. In: Harvard Theological Review, v. 81, n. 2, 1988, p. 125-143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816000010014
THOMPSON, John L. Rule Proved by Exceptions: The Exegesis of Paul and Women in the Sixteenth Century. In: HOLDER, R. Ward (Ed.). A Companion to Paul in the Reformation. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004174924.i-660.97
WIESNER, Merry E. Beyond Women and the Family: Towards a Gender Analysis of the Reformativo. In: Sixteenth Century Journal, v. 18, n. 3, 1987, p. 311-321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2540718
WIESNER, Merry E. Women's Defence of Their Public Role. In: ROSE, Mary Beth (Org.). Women in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: Literary and Historical Perspectives. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986
WIESNER-HANKS, Merry E. Mapping Gendered Routes and Spaces in the Early Modern World. Burlington: Ashgate, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315593814
WIESNER-HANKS, Merry E. Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe: New Approaches to European History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
WIESNER-HANKS, Merry E. Women, Gender, and Church History. In: Church History, v. 71, n. 3, 2002, p. 600-620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S000964070013029X
WIESNER-HANKS, Merry. Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World: Regulating Desire, Reforming Practice. Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.
WUNDER, Heide. He Is the Sun, She Is the Moon: Women in Early Modern Germany. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.
ZELL, Katharina Schütz. Ein Brief an die gantze Burgerschafft der Statt Strassburg/von Katherina Zellin/dessen jetz saligen Matthei Zellen/dess alten und ersten Predigers des Evangelij diser Statt/nachgelssne Ehefraw/Betreffend Herr Ludwigen Rabus/jetz ein Prediger der Statt Ulm/sampt zweynen brieffen jr und sein/die mag mengklich lesen und urtheilen on gunst und hasss/sonder allein der war heit warnemen: Dabey auch ein sanffte antwort/auff jeden Artickel/seines briefs. In: McKEE, Elsie Anne. Katharina Schütz Zell. v. 2: The Writings: A Critical Edition. Leiden: Brill, 1999a.
ZELL, Katharina Schütz. Entschuldigung Katharina Schützinn/für Matthes Zellen/jren Eegemahel/der ein Pfarrher und dyener ist im wort Gottes zů Straβburg. Von wegen grosser lügen uff jn erdiecht. In: McKEE, Elsie Anne. Katharina Schütz Zell. v. 2: The Writings: A Critical Edition. Leiden: Brill, 1999b.
ZITZLSPERGER, Ulrike. Mother, Martyr and Mary Magdalene: German Female Pamphleteers and Their Self-Images. In: History, v. 88, n. 3, jul./2003, p. 379–392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-229X.00268
ZSCHOCH, Hellmut. Katharina Luther als Frau der Reformation. In: Luther, v. 72, 2001, p. 137-157.
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Sini Karoliina Mikkola (Autor/a); Adriano Damasceno da Silva Júnior, Alexander De Bona Stahlhoefer (Tradutor/a)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Vox Scripturae é licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição – Não Comercial – Sem Derivações 4.0 internacional. Os artigos ficam disponibilizados a um público maior, mas com determinadas restrições. A licença específica para os artigos de nossa revista indica que (a) há permissão para cópia, distribuição e execução da obra, devendo o crédito ser atribuído ao autor; (b) o artigo não pode ser utilizado para fins comerciais; (c) há permissão aos usuários para copiar, distribuir e executar cópias exatas dos artigos, mas jamais obras derivadas. Para obter detalhes, acesse https://creativecommons.org/.
